Haynes 188 Alloy (Alloy 188 / UNS R30188) Forged Forgings | China Leading Manufacturer

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Haynes 188 Alloy (UNS R30188) Forged Forging Parts manufactured by Jiangsu Liangyi, China

About Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) Cobalt-Based Superalloy

Haynes 188  (also widely known as Alloy 188 and UNS R30188) is a high-end cobalt-nickel-chromium-tungsten solid solution-strengthened superalloy, designed specifically for extreme high-temperature and corrosive industrial environments. This top-tier high-temperature alloy has excellent high-temperature creep and rupture strength, plus outstanding oxidation resistance during long-term use up to 2000°F (1095°C). It also provides great protection against sulfate deposit hot corrosion, molten chloride salt damage, and gaseous sulfidation. Unlike common nickel-based solid-solution strengthened alloys, Haynes 188 has much higher high-temperature strength. It also performs far better than basic nickel-chromium or iron-nickel-chromium heat-resistant alloys during long-term service at 1200°F (650°C) and above. It can be easily manufactured, formed, and welded using standard industrial methods, so that  it the best choice material for high-performance forged parts in the toughest operating conditions across many industries.As a professional Chinese manufacturer of Haynes 188 forgings with more than 25 years of specialized experience, Jiangsu Liangyi Co., Limited  produces custom Alloy 188 forged parts based on customer technical requirements. We make everything from small-batch prototypes weighing 30 KGS to heavy industrial parts up to 30,000 KGS, serving customers in over 50 countries around the world.

Explore our full range of forged products and high-temperature alloy materials to find the perfect solution for your project.

Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) — Quick Reference Facts

Alloy Type
Cobalt-Nickel-Chromium-Tungsten Solid Solution Superalloy
UNS Number
R30188
Max Continuous Service Temp.
1095°C (2000°F)
Short-Term Max Temp.
1200°C (2192°F)
Room Temp. Tensile Strength
862 MPa min. (125 KSI min.)
Room Temp. Yield Strength
379 MPa min. (55 KSI min.)
Elongation
45% minimum
Reference Material Spec.
AMS 5772 (material reference standard)
Factory Certification
ISO 9001:2015
Manufacturer (China)
Jiangsu Liangyi Co., Limited
MOQ
30 KGS (prototype & R&D)

Full Range of Custom Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) Forged Products

Located in Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province – a core forging industry cluster in China with a complete supply chain – our 80,000 ㎡ factory produces a full range of Haynes 188 open die forgings and seamless rolled rings, and all parts can be customized according to your  drawings and technical requirements. Our ISO 9001:2015 certified production line covers the entire manufacturing process, from high-grade alloy melting, forging and controlled heat treatment to final CNC machining, guaranteeing full traceability and consistent quality for every Haynes 188 forged part we deliver.

Haynes 188 Forged Bars & Shafts

We supply Haynes 188 forged round bars, square bars, flat bars, rectangular bars, step shafts, turbine shafts and custom rotor shafts. The maximum forging diameter is up to 2 meters, maximum length up to 15 meters, and single-piece weight up to 30 tons. All forged bars are given full ultrasonic testing (UT) to guarantee sound internal matrix, and every shipment includes EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2 mill test certificates.

Haynes 188 Seamless Rolled Forged Rings

Our custom Haynes 188 seamless rolled rings include shaped rings, turbine guide rings, seal rings, labyrinth rings, casing rings, gear rings and custom forged rings, with a maximum outer diameter of up to 6 meters and single-piece weight up to 30 tons. Our rolled rings have consistent  internal matrix and steady mechanical properties across the whole section, so that they are the best choice material for important rotating and pressure-retaining parts in gas turbines, power generation and petrochemical industries, 

Haynes 188 Hollow Forged Components

We manufacture Haynes 188 forged hubs, housings, shells, sleeves, bushes, casings, hollow bars, heavy-wall pipes and tubings, with an outer diameter capacity of up to 3000 mm. Our advanced seamless hollow forging process removes weld flaws, improves structural integrity, and lowers total machining costs for high-pressure and high-temperature uses.

Haynes 188 Discs, Plates & Custom Forgings

Our full product line also includes Haynes 188 forged discs, turbine disks, blocks, plates, tube sheets, baffle plates, nozzles, flanges, die blocks, hot working tools, and fully machined custom forged parts. All parts can be provided in the solution heat-treated condition, or fully machined to your final drawing requirements, with complete non-destructive testing carried out as needed. View our advanced forging equipment to learn more about our production capabilities.

Haynes 188 Forging Capability: Available Size & Weight Range

The table below shows our standard production size range for Haynes 188 forgings at Jiangsu Liangyi. All sizes are for the as-forged condition with extra material for machining; final machined sizes will be smaller. If you need sizes outside this range, please contact our engineering team to check if it can be done.

Product TypeDiameter / OD RangeLength / Height RangeWall Thickness / ID BoreMax Single-Piece WeightSupply Condition
Round Bars & ShaftsØ 30 mm – Ø 2,000 mm100 mm – 15,000 mm30,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-turned / Finish-machined
Seamless Rolled RingsOD: 200 mm – 6,000 mmHeight: 50 mm – 2,500 mmWall: 20 mm – 800 mm30,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-turned / Finish-machined / Contoured
Discs & BlocksØ 100 mm – Ø 3,000 mmThickness: 20 mm – 1,500 mmBore: optional30,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-turned / Finish-machined
Hollow Bars & SleevesOD: 100 mm – 3,000 mmLength: 100 mm – 5,000 mmID: 50 mm – 2,500 mm20,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-turned / Finish-machined
Flanges & Tube SheetsØ 50 mm – Ø 3,000 mmThickness: 10 mm – 500 mmBore: optional15,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-machined / Fully machined to drawing
Step Shafts & Rotor ShaftsMax step Ø: 1,500 mmTotal length: up to 12,000 mmMin step length: 50 mm25,000 kgAs-forged / Rough-turned / Finish-machined
Prototype / Small-BatchAny above rangeAny above rangeAny above range30 kg minimumAs-forged / Machined to drawing / with full MTR

Note: All Haynes 188 forgings are supplied with EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 mill test certificates as standard. Third-party witness inspection (SGS, BV, TUV, etc.) is available upon request at any stage of production.

Haynes 188 Alloy vs. Other High-Temperature Alloys: Key Competitive Advantages

For overseas engineering buyers choosing high-temperature alloy forgings, understanding the main advantages of Haynes 188 compared to other materials is important .Below is a detailed engineering comparison for your material selection reference.

Alloy GradeBase SystemMax Continuous Service Temp.1000h Rupture Stress @ 871°CCore Advantages vs. Haynes 188Key Limitations vs. Haynes 188
Haynes 188 (UNS R30188)Co-Ni-Cr-W1095°C (2000°F)~165 MPa (24 ksi)Best balance of high-temperature strength, oxidation & hot corrosion resistance, fabricability, and service lifeBenchmark material — no core limitation for its target temperature range
Haynes 230 (UNS N06230)Ni-Cr-W-Mo1095°C (2000°F)~150 MPa (22 ksi)Better long-term microstructural stability above 900°C; slightly lower density (8.97 vs 9.13 g/cm³)Inferior resistance to sulfate deposit hot corrosion and chloride environments; costlier per kg; more difficult to forge in heavy sections
Hastelloy X (UNS N06002)Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo1040°C (1900°F)~90 MPa (13 ksi)Lower raw material cost; better weldability for thin sheet; well-established for combustor linersCreep rupture strength ~45% lower than Haynes 188 at 871°C; weaker oxidation resistance above 1000°C; inferior hot corrosion resistance
Inconel 617 (UNS N06617)Ni-Cr-Co-Mo1100°C (2012°F)~140 MPa (20 ksi)Better carburization resistance in reducing atmospheres; approved for ASME Section I & VIII pressure vesselsSignificantly higher raw material cost; lower hot corrosion resistance; poorer thermal fatigue life; less forging-friendly for large sections
Haynes 25 / L605 (UNS R30605)Co-Cr-Ni-W980°C (1800°F)~100 MPa (14.5 ksi)Better wear resistance at medium temperatures; established in heart valve applications115°C lower max service temperature; oxidation scale spalls above 980°C; poorer resistance to sulfate hot corrosion; less ductile during forging
310S Stainless Steel (UNS S31008)Fe-Cr-Ni900°C (1650°F)~18 MPa (2.6 ksi)Significantly lower initial purchase cost; easier machining and weldingCreep rupture strength ~90% lower at 871°C; severe sigma phase embrittlement after long-term exposure; not suitable for continuous service above 900°C

Jiangsu Liangyi Engineering Note: In our 25+ years of forging cobalt and nickel superalloys, the most common reason customers switch from Hastelloy X or 310S stainless steel to Haynes 188 is unexpected part failure caused by sulfate deposit hot corrosion in real combustion environments — a type of material damage that standard lab oxidation tests cannot fully show. If your parts work in conditions with even small amounts of sulfur gases or salt-containing air, Haynes 188’s proven resistance to hot corrosion gives a clear engineering benefit, which directly means less maintenance downtime and longer intervals between overhauls. Contact our technical team for a free material review based on your actual application. As a professional China-based manufacturer of Haynes 188 forgings with deep material knowledge, we offer free expert material selection advice for your specific application needs, helping you improve part performance while keeping total purchasing costs under control. All our materials meet international standards including ASTM and API .

Industry Applications & Proven Global Project Cases of Haynes 188 Forgings

Our Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) forged parts are widely used in important applications across 6 major industries. We have a proven record of supplying high-quality parts to customers in more than 50 countries, including the US, Germany, France, the UK, the Middle East, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Below are our main application areas and verified global project cases:

Core Industry Applications

Gas & Steam Turbine (Power Generation Industry)

  • Gas turbine blades, impellers, blisks, turbine discs and rotor shafts
  • LPT 1st & 2nd stage turbine casings, inner/outer heat shields and shrouds
  • Turbine guide rings, seal rings, labyrinth rings, diaphragm nozzles and casing rings
  • Main steam valve spindles/stems, valve seats, valve cores, valve sleeves and bonnets
  • Power plant steam turbine control reheat valve discs and important high-temperature fasteners

Aerospace & Aviation Industry

  • Combustion chamber parts, flame holders and afterburner parts for aero engines
  • Engine exhaust nozzles, heat shields and structural parts
  • High-temperature fasteners, brackets and actuator parts for aerospace systems

Oil & Gas Industry

  • High-temperature, high-pressure valve parts for wellhead and Christmas tree equipment
  • Forged valve stems, seats, balls and bonnets for sour service environments
  • Downhole tool parts and high-temperature flow control parts

Petrochemical & Heat Treatment Industry

  • Tube sheets, baffle plates, nozzles and flanges for high-temperature heat exchangers
  • Furnace retorts, chains, fixtures, burner flame shrouds and recuperator internals
  • Nitriding furnace internals, heat-treating baskets, grates, trays and thermocouple protection tubes

Industrial Furnace & Thermal Processing Industry

  • Hot working dies, tooling, die blocks and moulds for high-temperature metal forming
  • Cyclone internals, sparger tubes and high-temperature structural parts for industrial furnaces
  • High-temperature dampers, flue gas parts and waste heat recovery system parts

Verified Global Project Cases

Asian Combined-Cycle Thermal Power Plant Project

We supplied more than 200 sets of Haynes 188 forged turbine discs, blade bolts, valve spindles and control reheat valve discs to three large combined-cycle thermal power plants in Southeast Asia. All parts were produced according to AMS 5772 material requirements and customer-specified GE engineering standards. They run steadily at 1095°C and have provided over five years of maintenance-free service, which is 30% longer than the customer’s original design life requirement.

European Aerospace & Industrial Gas Turbine Project

We custom produced Haynes 188 LPT stage casings, guide rings, heat shields and combustion chamber parts for a top European aerospace and industrial gas turbine maker. Our precision hot forging process creates a consistent fine-grain microstructure between ASTM 5–8, and all parts pass strict ultrasonic and fluorescent penetrant tests, fully meeting the customer’s strict aerospace quality standards.

Middle East Oil & Gas Sour Service Project

We supplied UNS R30188 forged valve seats, valve cores, stems and seal rings for a large sour gas field development project in the Middle East. These parts were made to meet the customer’s specifications, including NACE MR0175 hardness and heat treatment requirements. They have excellent resistance to hydrogen sulfide corrosion and high-temperature sulfidation, and have been working reliably in high-pressure, high-temperature sour gas conditions since 2021.

Global Petrochemical Heat Treatment Project

We sent Haynes 188 forged tube sheets, heat exchanger flanges, furnace retorts, and nitriding furnace internals to 12 petrochemical and heat treatment companies in Germany, the US, and Australia.These parts were very good at resisting hot corrosion from sulfate deposits and molten chloride salts.Their lifetime is  2 to 3 times longer than the customers' original 310S stainless steel parts.

Manufacturing Process & Quality Control for Haynes 188 Forgings

As an experienced China Haynes 188 forging manufacturer with specialized expertise in cobalt-based superalloys, we have developed a mature, standardized production process for this challenging material, making sure every part meets customer-specified technical requirements and our ISO 9001:2015 quality management system standards.

Premium Double Melting Process

All of our Haynes 188 forgings are made from high-quality raw materials that have been double-melted using either vacuum induction melting (VIM) and electroslag remelting (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR).This advanced melting process guarantees extremely low gas content, very few non-metallic inclusions, and consistent chemical composition — all essential for the high-temperature performance and structural strength of the finished forged parts.

Precision Hot Forging Process

Our advanced forging workshop is equipped with 2000T to 8500T hydraulic forging presses, 1M–5M seamless ring rolling machines, and complete supporting manipulators. This allows us to carry out precision hot forging for Haynes 188 parts of all sizes and complexity levels. We strictly control forging temperature, deformation speed, and forging ratio to get a consistent fine-grained internal matrix, remove internal defects, and ensure consistent mechanical properties in all directions.

Standardized Heat Treatment Process

Haynes 188 forgings are furnished in the solution heat-treated condition unless otherwise specified. Our standardized heat treatment process is as follows:

  • Solution heat treatment at 2150°F ±25°F (1177°C ±14°C), with precise temperature control within ±5°C via our computer-controlled heat treatment furnaces
  • Rapid air cooling or water quenching to lock in the optimal solid solution microstructure
  • Bright annealed products are cooled in a pure hydrogen atmosphere to guarantee superior surface quality
  • For applications needing improved high-temperature performance, solution treatment in the range of 2150 to 2275°F (1177 to 1246°C) is available as needed.

Full-Process Quality Control & Testing

We implement 100% full inspection for every Haynes 188 forged part, with complete traceability from raw material ingot to finished product. Our in-house testing laboratory is equipped with advanced inspection equipment, operated by experienced NDT technicians. Following are our main testing items :

  • Chemical composition analysis via direct-reading spectrometer
  • Mechanical property testing: room & high temperature tensile testing, Charpy impact testing, hardness testing
  • Metallographic analysis: grain size testing, inclusion rating, microstructure inspection
  • Non-destructive testing (NDT): ultrasonic testing (UT) per ASTM A388, liquid penetrant testing (PT), magnetic particle testing (MT)
  • Dimensional inspection via CNC coordinate measuring machine (CMM), with full dimensional report provided

Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) Chemical Composition

ElementWeight Percentage Range
Cobalt (Co)Balance (Base Element)
Carbon (C)0.05 – 0.15
Manganese (Mn)1.25 Maximum
Silicon (Si)0.20 – 0.50
Chromium (Cr)20.0 – 24.0
Nickel (Ni)20.0 – 24.0
Tungsten (W)13.0 – 16.0
Lanthanum (La)0.02 – 0.12
Boron (B)0.015 Maximum
Iron (Fe)3.0 Maximum

Complete Mechanical & Physical Properties of Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) Forgings

The following property data covers the room‑temperature and high‑temperature performance of Haynes 188 in the solution‑heat‑treated condition. Understanding how these values change across the full operating temperature range is essential for predicting fatigue life, evaluating creep life, and performing accurate FEA analysis of hot‑section parts. All data shown are typical values for material forged and heat‑treated in accordance with AMS 5772.

Room Temperature Minimum Mechanical Properties (AMS 5772 Specification Limits)

  • Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS): 125 KSI minimum (862 MPa minimum)
  • 0.2% Offset Yield Strength: 55 KSI minimum (379 MPa minimum)
  • Elongation at Break: 45% minimum
  • Reduction of Area: 65% typical
  • Brinell Hardness: 190–230 HB typical (solution annealed condition)
  • Rockwell Hardness: 88–97 HRB typical

Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of Haynes 188 — Why This Data Matters to Engineers

Room-temperature tensile data reveals very little about how a part will actually perform in service at 800–1000°C. The table below lists typical tensile properties tested at main operating temperatures for Haynes 188. Although the alloy softens as temperature rises — as all metals do — its strength retention between 760°C and 1000°C is still far better than nickel‑iron‑chromium alloys and austenitic stainless steels. This is the critical temperature range where most gas turbine hot-section parts operate for most of their lifetime.

Test TemperatureUTS (MPa)UTS (KSI)0.2% YS (MPa)0.2% YS (KSI)Elongation (%)Engineering Significance
Room Temp (20°C)9601394506553Baseline reference; governs cold assembly and pressure test conditions
650°C (1200°F)7451083354955Lower bound of high-temp service; still retains ~78% of room-temp UTS
760°C (1400°F)655953054457Typical LP turbine casing design temperature; ductility improves, enabling damage tolerance
871°C (1600°F)44564.52703961Critical design point for combustion hardware; Haynes 188 retains ~46% of RT strength here vs ~28% for 310S SS
982°C (1800°F)24034.819027.571Upper boundary of most industrial furnace component service; high ductility prevents brittle fracture during thermal cycling
1093°C (2000°F)9714761187Maximum rated continuous service temperature; component design at this temperature must be creep-governed, not yield-governed

Jiangsu Liangyi Engineering Note: When our customers submit FEA models for Haynes 188 parts, one of the most common mistakes we see is using room-temperature modulus and yield strength values for stress calculations at operating temperatures. The yield strength at 871°C is roughly 60% of its room-temperature value. Using room-temperature material properties for thermal stress analysis will lead to unsafe, non-conservative results and can cause early part failure. Our technical team can provide guidance on temperature-dependent property data upon request.

Creep & Stress-Rupture Strength of Haynes 188 — The Critical Data for Long-Life Components

For any part working under continuous load at high temperatures — such as turbine casings, valve bodies, combustion liners and furnace fixtures — creep and stress-rupture strength are the main design criteria, not short-term tensile strength.The table below shows the stress levels that cause failure in 100 hours and 1,000 hours at typical operating temperatures.These values are why Haynes 188 is chosen by gas turbine OEMs for parts designed to last 25,000 hours or more.

TemperatureStress for 100h Rupture (MPa)Stress for 1,000h Rupture (MPa)Stress for 1% Creep in 1,000h (MPa)Practical Implication
760°C (1400°F)~400~345~255Suitable for highly stressed rotating rings and casings at this temperature with long design lives
871°C (1600°F)~220~165~110Key design temperature for combustion hardware; stress allowables at this point govern wall thickness calculations
982°C (1800°F)~83~62~38Self-weight creep becomes a design consideration for large structural forgings at this temperature
1093°C (2000°F)~28~21~14Only lightly loaded parts (fixtures, hangers, shrouds) are practical at this temperature

Physical Properties of Haynes 188 (UNS R30188)

Physical properties determine thermal management, thermal stress analysis, and assembly clearances between different parts in a unit. These values are especially important when designing multi‑material assemblies where Haynes 188 is used with structural steels, nickel superalloys, or refractory materials at high temperatures.

PropertyValueCondition / TemperatureEngineering Relevance
Density9.13 g/cm³ (0.330 lb/in³)Room temperatureHigher than nickel-base alloys (~8.2–8.9 g/cm³); factor in for rotating part inertia and weight budgets
Melting Range1330–1410°C (2425–2570°F)Wide melting range necessitates tight control of forging temperatures to avoid incipient melting in segregated areas
Elastic Modulus (Young's Modulus)221 GPa (32.1 × 10⁶ psi)Room temperatureReduces to ~145 GPa at 1000°C; use temperature-dependent values for accurate thermal stress FEA
Shear Modulus85 GPa (12.3 × 10⁶ psi)Room temperatureRequired for torsional load calculations in shaft and fastener design
Poisson's Ratio0.31Room temperatureStandard input for 3D FEA models; relatively consistent across service temperature range
Mean CTE (20–200°C)12.3 μm/m·°C (6.8 μin/in·°F)20–200°CDifferential thermal expansion between Haynes 188 and mating parts must be accounted for in clearance calculations; CTE increases significantly at higher temperatures
Mean CTE (20–600°C)13.4 μm/m·°C (7.4 μin/in·°F)20–600°C
Mean CTE (20–1000°C)14.8 μm/m·°C (8.2 μin/in·°F)20–1000°C
Thermal Conductivity11.1 W/m·K at 200°C → 23.2 W/m·K at 1000°CTemperature-dependentLow conductivity at service entry temperature reduces thermal shock sensitivity during rapid start-up; increases with temperature, improving heat dissipation at peak load
Specific Heat Capacity418 J/kg·K at 200°C → 502 J/kg·K at 1000°CTemperature-dependentRequired for transient thermal analysis and heat-up / cool-down cycle modelling
Electrical Resistivity89 μΩ·cmRoom temperatureRelevant for induction heating and resistance welding process parameter calculations
Magnetic Permeability1.002 (essentially non-magnetic)Room temperatureNon-magnetic character simplifies MPI inspection; also critical for applications near magnetic sensors or in electromagnetic environments

Factory Certification & Reference Standards for Haynes 188 Forgings

Our Factory Certification

Jiangsu Liangyi Co., Limited holds the following independently audited and verified factory certification:

  • ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System — our factory is independently audited and certified to ISO 9001:2015, covering the full production process from raw material incoming inspection, forging, heat treatment, and machining, to final inspection and shipment. Certificate is available for customer review upon request.

Reference Material Specifications

Our Haynes 188 forgings are produced to meet the following internationally recognized material and testing standards. "Reference to" indicates that our manufacturing and inspection procedures are designed to meet the technical requirements specified in these standards. Customers needing formal third-party certification to a particular standard should state this requirement in their inquiry, and we will advise on the proper inspection and documentation scope.

  • AMS 5772 — the primary material specification covering chemistry, mechanical properties, and heat treatment requirements for Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) wrought products. Our forgings are produced with reference to the compositional and property requirements of this specification.
  • ASTM A388 — ultrasonic testing method applied to heavy steel and alloy forgings; our UT inspection procedure references this standard.
  • ASTM E112 — grain size determination by metallographic examination; applied as a standard inspection item on all forgings.
  • ASTM E18 / E10 — Rockwell and Brinell hardness testing methods applied in our in-house inspection.
  • EN / DIN / AISI — general material and testing method frameworks referenced for customers in European markets.

Customer-Specified Standards (Available on Request)

 Many of our customers include extra industry standards in their purchase order requirements. We have extensive experience producing Haynes 188 forgings for applications that must meet standards such as NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 (hardness and heat treatment for sour service), API 6A (wellhead and Christmas tree equipment), and engineering specifications from GE and other OEMs.
Wedo not hold independent factory certifications for these standards, but we can make and document parts to meet their technical requirements as specified by customers. We also support third-party witness inspections at any production stage by SGS, BV, TÜV, Lloyd's Register, or your designated inspection body.

Test Documentation Provided as Standard

Every Haynes 188 forging shipment from Jiangsu Liangyi is accompanied by the following documentation as standard:

  • EN 10204 3.1 Mill Test Report (MTR) — manufacturer's own material test certificate covering chemical composition and mechanical properties, signed by our Quality Manager. This is the standard document format accepted by customers in over 50 countries.
  • EN 10204 3.2 MTR — manufacturer's material test certificate additionally validated by an independent third-party inspection body (SGS, BV, TUV, or equivalent). Available when specified by the customer at order placement.
  • Heat treatment certificate with calibrated furnace chart and hold time record
  • Dimensional inspection report with actual measured values vs. drawing tolerances
  • NDT reports (UT, PT, MT) as applicable per the agreed inspection plan

Transparency Note: We are committed to honest, accurate representation of our capabilities and credentials. If you have a specific certification, standard compliance, or documentation requirement not listed above, please contact us before placing your order and we will provide a clear, honest assessment of what we can and cannot provide for your specific project requirements.

Haynes 188 Corrosion Resistance: A Three-Mechanism Engineering Analysis

The corrosion resistance of Haynes 188 at high temperatures is controlled by three separate and mostly independent types of material damage. Knowing which type of damage is most common in your working environment is very important when choosing the right material. The following analysis comes from our engineering team’s 25 years of experience studying failures of cobalt and nickel superalloy parts sent back by customers after actual use.

Mechanism 1: Isothermal High-Temperature Oxidation

Haynes 188 forms a slow-growing, tightly attached chromium-rich oxide layer at high temperatures, which is greatly improved by the small addition of lanthanum (La) (0.02–0.12 wt%). Lanthanum works as a reactive element that greatly slows down the oxide layer’s growth rate and, more importantly, prevents the oxide layer from peeling off during temperature changes—this peeling is the main reason metal parts wear down when they go through repeated heating and cooling cycles. According to published research on high-temperature alloys, when Haynes 188 is tested under cyclic oxidation at around 1080°C, it loses much less metal than standard 310S stainless steel under the same conditions—and this difference in performance usually gets bigger as the number of temperature cycles increases and the highest temperature rises.

Mechanism 2: Sulfate Deposit Hot Corrosion (Type I & Type II)

This is the type of material damage where Haynes 188’s cobalt-based makeup gives it a clear advantage over nickel-based materials. In environments with sulfur oxides (SO₂, SO₃) mixed with alkali metal pollutants from fuel or salty air — common in land-based gas turbines running on natural gas or diesel, marine turbines, and waste-to-energy systems — molten sulfate builds up on hot surfaces. This buildup causes a reaction that breaks down the protective oxide layer, leading to fast and serious metal loss. The cobalt-rich base of Haynes 188 naturally resists this sulfate-induced damage better than nickel-based materials, and real operating data shows its parts last 3 to 5 times longer than similar Hastelloy X parts in sulfur-contaminated combustion environments.

Mechanism 3: Gaseous Sulfidation

In environments with hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or other sulfur-containing gases — which are common in petrochemical processing, oil refineries, and sour gas field equipment — Haynes 188 shows good resistance to damage up to about 900°C (1650°F). Its high chromium content (20–24%) creates a chromium sulfide protective layer that stops sulfur from penetrating the alloy. If your application has H₂S concentrations over 1,000 ppm and the working temperature is above 900°C, we suggest you contact our technical team to review the full corrosion resistance assessment, as other alloy types may be more suitable for such extreme conditions.

Oxidation vs. Hot Corrosion: Choosing the Right Alloy

A main point often missed when choosing materials: an alloy that works very well in steady-temperature lab tests may perform badly in real use, where damage from sulfate deposits is the main issue — and the other way around too. Haynes 188 is specially made to perform well in both oxidation and hot corrosion conditions, which is why it is the standard material for hot-section parts in industrial gas turbines. If tests on your failed parts regularly show thick, porous, layered oxide with signs of sulfur penetration, instead of a thin, tight, protective oxide layer, then hot corrosion is the problem, not basic oxidation. In these cases, Haynes 188’s cobalt-based material is necessary, not just an optional choice.

Welding, Fabrication & Joining Guidelines for Haynes 188 Forgings

Haynes 188 is one of the more weldable cobalt-based superalloys, but to get defect-free welds while keeping all its mechanical properties, you need to pay attention to three key things: welding preparation, heat control during welding, and post-weld treatment. The following guidelines are the procedures our in-house technical team has developed and tested over years of production welding and on-site repair support for customers.

Recommended Welding Processes

  • Gas Tungsten Arc Welding / TIG (GTAW) — It is the preferred process for all precision welding of Haynes 188. Provides the cleanest weld pool chemistry, lowest heat input per pass, and best control of dilution. Use DCEN (direct current, electrode negative) polarity with argon or argon-helium shielding gas (≥99.999% purity). Back-purge with argon when welding tubing or enclosed sections.
  • Gas Metal Arc Welding / MIG (GMAW) — Acceptable for thicker sections where productivity is a priority. Use spray transfer mode. Pulsed GMAW is preferred over conventional GMAW for better heat input control and reduced distortion in sections under 25 mm.
  • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) — Suitable for heavy-section butt welds in plate and ring fabrication. Select flux carefully: neutral or slightly basic flux is required. Avoid high-fluoride fluxes that can cause hot cracking in cobalt alloys.
  • Electron Beam Welding (EBW) & Laser Beam Welding (LBW) — Suitable for precision aerospace parts where HAZ width must be minimised. Deep penetration with very low total heat input virtually deletes post-weld distortion. Requires pre- and post-weld thermal cycling in some cases.

Filler Metal Selection

For structural welds used at high temperatures, filler metal with the same composition as Haynes 188 is always the best choice. This makes sure the weld material matches the base metal in chemistry and performance across all operating temperatures. If this matching filler metal is not available, or when welding Haynes 188 to a different alloy such as Inconel 625 or Hastelloy X, ERNiCrMo-3 (with the same composition as Inconel 625) is the most commonly used substitute. It offers sufficient strength, good flexibility, and reliable oxidation resistance up to about 950°C.

Pre-Weld Preparation

  • Thoroughly degrease all surfaces to be welded using acetone or equivalent solvent immediately before welding. Cobalt alloys are highly susceptible to hot cracking from sulfur contamination — even fingerprint oils can introduce sufficient sulfur to cause weld cracking.
  • Mechanically clean (grind or wire brush with a dedicated stainless-steel brush) the base metal for at least 25 mm on either side of the weld joint to remove oxide scale from any prior heat treatment.
  • Pre-heat is not needed for Haynes 188 sections up to 25 mm thickness under normal ambient conditions (above 10°C). For sections exceeding 50 mm or in cold environments below 5°C, a mild pre-heat to 100°C is recommended to prevent moisture-induced porosity.

Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)

For parts that operate continuously above 650°C, a full solution heat treatment after welding is highly recommended: heat to 1177°C ±14°C (2150°F ±25°F), hold long enough to reach even temperature through the entire part (at least 30 minutes for every 25 mm of thickness), then cool quickly in air or quench in water. This process dissolves carbides or other phases that may form in the heat-affected zone during welding, restores the best internal structure of the alloy, and removes welding stresses — all very important for long lifetime under high temperature creep. For parts where full heat treatment is not practical after on-site repair welding, heating at 870°C for 4 hours to relieve stress is an acceptable choice, though it will not fully restore the alloy’s original heat-treated matrix.

Common Welding Defects & How to Avoid Them

Defect TypeRoot Cause in Haynes 188Prevention Method
Hot Cracking (solidification cracking)Sulfur or phosphorus contamination from cutting fluids, lubricants, or surface scale; excessive heat input per passRigorous degreasing; limit heat input to <1.5 kJ/mm per pass; use stringer beads rather than wide weave passes
HAZ Liquation CrackingGrain boundary liquation of carbide-matrix eutectic phases in high heat input zonesKeep interpass temperature below 150°C; use low heat input processes (GTAW preferred); weld in short passes with cooling intervals
PorosityMoisture in flux or shielding gas; surface contamination; insufficient back-purge for enclosed sectionsUse dry, high-purity shielding gas (99.999%); bake flux before SAW; apply adequate back purge; clean base metal immediately before welding
Weld DistortionHigh thermal expansion coefficient; cobalt alloys have relatively low thermal conductivityTack-weld at close intervals before full-penetration welding; use restraint fixtures; sequence welds symmetrically; use low heat input processes

How to Order Haynes 188 Forgings From Jiangsu Liangyi: A Complete Buyer's Guide

We know that ordering special superalloy forgings from an overseas supplier, especially for the first time, can bring real worries about technical communication, quality control, and on-time delivery. The following step-by-step process shows exactly how we manage every new Haynes 188 project, from first inquiry to final delivery, and what you can expect at each stage.

Step 1: Submit Your Technical Inquiry (Response Within 24 Hours)

Send your inquiry to sales@jnmtforgedparts.com or via WhatsApp at +86-13585067993. Include as much of the following as possible — the more detail you provide, the more accurate and complete our initial quotation will be:

  • Drawing or Sketch: PDF, DWG, DXF, STEP, or IGES preferred; a hand sketch with main dimensions is acceptable for early-stage budget quotations
  • Material Specification: Haynes 188, UNS R30188, AMS 5772, or any customer-specific engineering specification (GE, Siemens, NACE, API, etc.) — specify the governing document and revision if known
  • Forging Type: Bar, ring, disc, hollow, shaft, or custom — refer to our product range table above
  • Heat Treatment Condition: Solution annealed (standard), or specific requirements per your drawing
  • Quantity: Pieces per order; indicate whether this is prototype, trial, or series production
  • Required Testing & Certification: EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2, NACE MR0175, API 6A, third-party inspection (SGS, BV, TUV, etc.)
  • Destination Port & Required Delivery Date: Helps us plan production scheduling and logistics in parallel

Step 2: Detailed Technical Quotation (2–5 Business Days)

Our technical sales team will look over your needs and give you a full quote that includes the unit price and total amount in US dollars, the material grade and confirmation of the relevant standard, the planned production schedule and lead time, the shipping method and estimated freight cost, the payment terms (usually 30% deposit by T/T and 70% before shipment, or sight L/C), and any technical questions that need to be answered. We don't give out general price lists. Instead, we give you a quote based on your drawing, the number of items you want, and the quality you need.

Step 3: Technical Review & Order Confirmation

Once you accept the quotation, we will send a formal sales contract that lists all technical requirements, inspection checkpoints, delivery schedule, payment terms, and document package. After we receive your deposit, your order will be added to our production plan and a project manager will be assigned to your project. You will get a confirmed production schedule within 3 working days after we receive the deposit.

Step 4: Production, In-Process Inspection & Witness Inspection

If your order needs third-party inspection, we will actively inform you or your appointed inspector of each required inspection step, usually including checking the raw materials when they arrive, measuring dimensions after forging, testing hardness after heat treatment, and carrying out final inspection before packing. For orders without third-party inspection, we automatically send you a complete digital inspection report at every production stage.

Step 5: Documentation Package, Export Packing & Shipment

Before shipment, we collect and send you the full set of documents for your approval. Standard documents include: EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 Mill Test Report showing chemical and mechanical properties, heat treatment certificate with calibrated furnace records, dimension test report, NDT reports (UT, PT/MT where needed), and all commercial shipping papers. All parts are packed in export-standard wooden boxes with anti-rust oil, plastic film, foam protection, and VCI packaging for machined surfaces. We support these trade terms: EXW, FCA, FOB, CFR, CIF, CIP.

Typical Lead Times at a Glance

Order TypeTypical Lead TimeNotes
Standard stock bars & rings (in inventory)3–7 daysContact us for current inventory availability; cut-to-length service available
Simple custom forgings — bars, rings, discs20–30 daysIncludes forging, heat treatment, rough machining, and full inspection
Complex custom forgings — step shafts, contoured rings30–45 daysIncludes forging trials, heat treatment, finish machining, and CMM inspection
First article / prototype with full qualification35–50 daysIncludes full property testing, FAI report, and customer approval process
Urgent / expedited orders15–25 days (by negotiation)Rush surcharge may apply; contact us with your deadline and we will advise on feasibility

The Technical Challenge of Forging Haynes 188: What Separates Experienced Manufacturers From the Rest

Not all forging makers can produce high-quality Haynes 188 forgings equally well. With over 25 years focused on cobalt and nickel superalloys, our engineering team has found the four main technical issues that usually lead to low-quality parts from less experienced suppliers — and how we solve each one:

Challenge 1: Narrow Forging Temperature Window

Haynes 188 should be forged at around 1065–1205°C (1950–2200°F), a much narrower temperature range than common steels and many nickel-based superalloys. At temperatures below this range, the alloy is hard to shape and likely to crack due to low ductility. If heated above the top limit, partial melting can happen in some areas of the billet, causing internal holes and high-temperature cracks that are hard to find and cannot be fixed. Our furnaces use Type-S thermocouple temperature control with ±5°C accuracy, and our workers keep checking the billet surface temperature during forging using calibrated infrared pyrometers.

Challenge 2: High Flow Stress & Press Tonnage Requirements

At forging temperatures, Haynes 188 is about 40–60% harder to shape than common carbon steel and 20–30% harder to shape than standard stainless steel. Using forging equipment that is too small needs repeated shallow forming passes and extra heating cycles, which makes the grain matrix larger and weakens the material’s mechanical properties. Our 8,500-ton hydraulic press has enough power to reach the needed deformation levels with a controlled number of heating cycles, keeping a fine grain size between ASTM 5 and 8 across the entire part.

Challenge 3: Grain Refinement & Microstructure Homogeneity

The high creep strength and fatigue resistance that make Haynes 188 ideal for turbine parts depend entirely on getting a fine, even grain size across the whole forging section. For large forgings, especially discs and rings over 500 mm in diameter, it is very difficult to achieve even shaping deep inside the material. Areas that are not shaped enough keep a coarser grain structure, which greatly shortens high-cycle fatigue life. Our engineering team plans each forging process using our own metal flow simulation to make sure the whole section is properly formed, no matter what the part shape is, before we start working on the raw material.

Challenge 4: Heat Treatment Precision

Solution heat treatment at 1177°C ±14°C needs very even temperature across the whole furnace load, not just near the thermocouple, to make sure all parts in the batch have stable properties. Too much heat makes grains grow and shortens fatigue life; not enough heat leaves undissolved carbides that lower ductility and creep life. Our computer-controlled heat treatment furnaces keep temperature variation within ±5°C in the whole working area, checked regularly by temperature uniformity tests using calibrated multi-point thermocouples.

Why Choose Haynes 188 Forgings From Jiangsu Liangyi (China Leading Manufacturer)

As a specialized professional Haynes 188 cobalt-based superalloy forging manufacturer with over 25 years of industry experience, we are the trusted long-term supplier for global customers from more than 50 countries, with the following main competitive advantages:

  • Full-Process In-House Production: Located in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province — China's core forging industry cluster — our 80,000㎡ modern factory covers the entire production chain from premium steel melting,  forging, controlled heat treatment to final CNC machining, with no outsourcing, guaranteeing full control over quality, lead time and total cost.
  • Haynes 188 Specialized Technical Expertise: More than 25 years of specialized experience in forging cobalt-based superalloys, with a mature, improved production process and dedicated technical team, capable of solving complex forging and heat treatment challenges for Haynes 188 parts.
  • Global Export & Professional Service Capability: We have been exporting Haynes 188 forgings to global industrial markets for over 18 years, with full experience in international trade, supporting EXW, FOB, CIF, CIP and other trade terms, and providing full English technical support and responsive after-sales service.
  • Flexible Customization & MOQ: We support both small-batch prototype production (minimum 30 KGS) and large-scale mass production (up to 120,000 tons annual capacity), fully meeting the diverse needs of R&D projects and bulk production orders.
  • Strict Quality Control & Full Traceability: 100% full inspection for every single part, with complete material traceability from raw material ingot to finished product, and full mill test documentation provided with every shipment.
  • Competitive China Factory Pricing: As a direct source manufacturer with no middlemen, we eliminate unnecessary costs, providing global customers with premium quality Haynes 188 forgings at competitive China factory prices, with absolutely no compromise on quality.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Haynes 188 Forgings

Haynes 188 alloy can be used continuously at temperatures up to 1095°C (2000°F) for long periods, with excellent oxidation resistance. For short‑term use, it can withstand temperatures as high as 1200°C (2192°F). It works especially well for long‑term service above 650°C (1200°F), where it performs better than most nickel‑base solid‑solution strengthened alloys in both strength and environmental resistance.

Our MOQ for Haynes 188 forgings is flexible and customer-friendly, starting at 30 kg for small-batch prototype and R&D orders. For mass production orders, we can handle quantities from just a few pieces up to thousands of pieces, with a total annual forging production capacity of up to 120,000 tons. Feel free to contact us to discuss your specific project needs.

Yes, absolutely. We offer a full range of service from forged blanks to fully finished machined parts ready for assembly. Our in-house machining shop is equipped with advanced CNC lathes, vertical lathes, boring and milling machines, and coordinate measuring machines (CMM). We can machine Haynes 188 parts to meet your final drawing requirements, with tight dimensional tolerances down to ±0.01 mm as needed.

For standard Haynes 188 forged bars and rings that we have in stock, the lead time is 3–7 days. For custom forged parts, the normal lead time is 20–35 days, including forging, heat treatment, testing and machining. For urgent orders, we can speed up production to meet your tight project schedule — just contact us to talk about your specific delivery needs.

Yes, Haynes 188 welds well and can be joined using common welding methods such as TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), and submerged arc welding. For best mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, we suggest using filler metal matching Haynes 188. For high-temperature uses, solution heat treatment after welding is recommended to bring back the material’s full performance.

Jiangsu Liangyi is certified to the ISO 9001:2015 quality management system. Our Haynes 188 forgings are made to meet AMS 5772 material specifications. Inspection methods follow ASTM A388 for ultrasonic testing, ASTM E112 for grain size measurement, and test certificates are issued in EN 10204 3.1/3.2 format.We do not hold independent API, NACE, or GE factory approvals. However, we regularly produce parts to meet the technical requirements of these standards for customer applications, supported by complete documentation and optional third-party witnessed inspection.

Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) is a cobalt‑base alloy of the Co‑Ni‑Cr‑W system, whereas Haynes 230 (UNS N06230) is a nickel‑base alloy of the Ni‑Cr‑W‑Mo system. Both have a similar maximum continuous service temperature of around 1095°C (2000°F). The main differences are:(1)Haynes 188 provides much better resistance to sulfate deposit hot corrosion and chloride environments, which is important in real combustion conditions where fuel or intake air is contaminated. (2)Haynes 230 has slightly better long‑term microstructural stability above 900°C and a lower density at 8.97 g/cm³, compared with 9.13 g/cm³ for Haynes 188. (3)Haynes 188 is generally easier to forge in heavy sections due to the better hot workability of its cobalt‑base matrix. For most industrial gas turbine hot‑section parts working in sulfur‑contaminated environments, Haynes 188 is the preferred choice. In extremely clean environments where sulfur is not present and long‑term microstructural stability is most important, Haynes 230 can be considered. Our technical team can provide a free, application‑specific comparison based on your actual operating conditions.

Yes. Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) is listed in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3 as a qualified material for sour service (H₂S-containing) environments, provided it meets the hardness and heat treatment requirements specified in the standard. We do not hold independent API or NACE factory certifications, but we regularly manufacture Haynes 188 forgings to NACE MR0175 hardness and heat treatment requirements as specified in customer orders. Full material test documentation is supplied, and we support third-party inspection by SGS, BV, TÜV and other agencies to confirm compliance. Simply mention NACE MR0175 compliance in your inquiry, and we will include it in the quality plan.

Grain size strongly affects how Haynes 188 forgings perform mechanically, especially for parts that rely on fatigue and creep resistance.A fine grain size (ASTM 5–8, average grain diameter about 65–30 μm) gives better tensile strength, high-cycle fatigue resistance, and toughness — essential for rotating parts such as turbine discs, blisks, and fasteners.A coarser grain size (ASTM 1–4) usually offers slightly better creep rupture life under long-term high-temperature load, which can benefit static parts like combustion liners and casings. Reaching the target grain size needs precise control of forging reduction ratios, forging temperature, and heat treatment settings.All our Haynes 188 forgings include a needed metallographic grain size test following ASTM E112 as part of standard inspection, with results shown on the material test report (MTR).

Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) has a density of 9.13 g/cm³ (0.330 lb/in³) at room temperature. To give you an idea, most nickel-base superalloys (Inconel 625, Inconel 718) have densities between 8.2–8.9 g/cm³; carbon and low-alloy steels are about 7.8–7.9 g/cm³; and austenitic stainless steels (316L, 310S) are roughly 7.9–8.0 g/cm³. So Haynes 188 is about 2–5% denser than nickel superalloys and around 15% denser than steel. For rotating parts where centrifugal stress limits design, this higher density means the maximum allowed disc rim speed (or the maximum disc diameter for a certain operating speed) might be a little lower than nickel-base options. But for static parts — casings, combustion liners, furnace fixtures — density usually doesn’t limit design, and Haynes 188’s better ability to resist harsh environments is usually more important than its extra weight.

Contact Us for Custom Haynes 188 (UNS R30188) Forging Solutions

Jiangsu Liangyi Co., Limited is a top manufacturer of open die forgings and seamless rolled rings in China, focusing on custom Haynes 188 (Alloy 188, UNS R30188) cobalt‑based superalloy forged parts for industrial customers worldwide. Whether you need prototype parts for R&D projects or mass‑produced parts for large industrial projects, we can provide high‑quality, cost‑effective custom forging solutions made to your exact needs. Feel free to send us your custom drawings, material standards, quantity needs and project details for a detailed, no‑obligation quote. Our experienced technical team and sales engineers will respond to you within 24 working hours with a complete solution and competitive price.


📧 Inquiry Email: sales@jnmtforgedparts.com

📞 Phone/WhatsApp: +86-13585067993

🌐 Official Website: https://www.jnmtforgedparts.com

📍 Factory Address: Chengchang Industry Park, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China 214400

⏰ Business Hours: Monday – Friday, 08:00–18:00 (UTC+8)